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Pulau Hantu Coral Reef Survey Data

2003	2000	1998
1997	1993	1992
1988	1987	1986

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2003

Site name: Hantu West (HW2)				Date: 09 July 2003
Shallow transect depth: 0.0m				Deep transect depth: 3.0m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by NUS Marine Bio Lab
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	13.29	0.00	1.03
		Encrusting	CE	1.95		0.20
		Foliose	CF	5.29		0.75
		Massive	CM	5.07		0.00
		Submassive	CS	0.85		0.04
		Mushroom	CMR	0.14		0.04
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	17.31	0.00	22.78
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	17.31	17.31	22.78	22.78
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	8.43	0.00	0.23
		Sponge	SP	7.30		0.19
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.15		0.00
		Others	OT	0.99		0.04
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	4.66	16.34	0.00	14.43
		Coralline algae	CA	0.24		14.43
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	11.32		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	0.12		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	15.43	44.62	0.00	61.53
		Rubble	R	20.33		28.34
		Silt	SI	8.86		33.19
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

Site name: Hantu West (HW1)				Date: 30 June 2003
Shallow transect depth: 0.0m				Deep transect depth: 3.0m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by NUS Marine Bio Lab
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	18.38	43.20	0.00	16.83
		Encrusting	CE	0.75		0.27
		Foliose	CF	15.57		2.27
		Massive	CM	1.87		0.18
		Submassive	CS	5.86		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	0.77		14.12
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	37.49	0.00	8.71
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	37.49	37.49	8.71	8.71
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	1.39	0.00	0.37
		Sponge	SP	0.23		0.18
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	1.16		0.18
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	1.68	3.08	0.00	3.07
		Coralline algae	CA	0.56		3.07
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	0.84		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.13	14.84	1.32	71.02
		Rubble	R	14.00		69.63
		Silt	SI	0.71		0.07
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H1)				Date: 11 June 2003
Shallow transect depth: 0.0m				Deep transect depth: 3.0m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by NUS Marine Bio Lab
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	8.57	0.00	5.49
		Encrusting	CE	0.46		1.08
		Foliose	CF	4.01		2.40
		Massive	CM	2.99		2.01
		Submassive	CS	0.87		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	0.24		0.00
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	18.54	0.00	10.96
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	18.54	18.54	10.96	10.96
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	5.78	0.00	0.56
		Sponge	SP	4.15		0.23
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.23		0.00
		Others	OT	1.40		0.33
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	7.60	11.46	0.87	3.46
		Coralline algae	CA	0.07		2.19
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	3.79		0.40
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	7.52	55.65	2.98	79.53
		Rubble	R	36.60		43.01
		Silt	SI	11.53		33.54
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H2)				Date: 16 May 2003
Shallow transect depth: 0.0m				Deep transect depth: 3.0m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by NUS Marine Bio Lab
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.51	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.51		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	2.21	46.26	0.00	26.22
		Encrusting	CE	0.98		2.29
		Foliose	CF	27.90		17.90
		Massive	CM	3.72		2.84
		Submassive	CS	10.29		2.35
		Mushroom	CMR	1.16		0.84
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	22.36	0.00	29.57
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	22.36	22.36	29.57	29.57
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	4.49	0.00	1.53
		Sponge	SP	3.15		0.70
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.61		0.00
		Others	OT	0.73		0.83
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	5.42	12.84	3.01	4.42
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00		0.43
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	7.41		0.98
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.00	13.54	0.08	38.26
		Rubble	R	11.29		27.96
		Silt	SI	2.25		10.22
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu west fringing reef	Date: 9 March 2003
Shallow transect depth: 3.0m	Deep transect depth: 7.0m

Scientific Officer: Jani
Data collected by Reef Friends, Blue Water Volunteers

Benthic Data
Lifeform	Shallow- Percentage cover (%)	Deep (%)
HC	61.25	9.38
SC	1.88	0.625
RKC	0	0
NIA	0	0
SP	0.63	0.63
RC	13.13	3.75
RB	10.63	21.25
SD	11.88	63.75
SI	0.63	0.63
OT	0	0

Number of Reef Check Target Fish and Invertebrates over four 20m transects

Fish	Shallow	Deep
Butterflyfish	22	8
Sweetlips	0	0
Barramundi Cod	0	0
Other Groupers (>30cm)	0	0
Napolean Wrasse	0	0
Bumphead parrotfish	0	0
Other parrotfish (>20cm)	0	0
Moray eels	0	0
Snapper	4	0

Invertebrates	Shallow	Deep
Banded coral shrimp	0	2
Diadema urchin	0	0
Pencil urchin	0	0
Sea cucumber	0	0
Crown of Thorns	0	0
Giant clam	0	0
Triton shell	0	0
*Tripnustes*	0	0
Lobster	0	0

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H1)				Date: 28 August 2000
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by Jeffrey Low & Karenne Tun
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	5.69
		Encrusting	CE	0.00
		Foliose	CF	1.87
		Massive	CM	2.33
		Submassive	CS	1.06
		Mushroom	CMR	0.43
		Millepora	CME	0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	24.13
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	24.13	24.13
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	2.20
		Sponge	SP	2.20
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.00
		Others	OT	0.00
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	5.37	10.27
		Coralline algae	CA	0.63
		Halimeda	HA	0.06
		Macroalgae	MA	3.88
		Turf algae	TA	0.33
Abiotic		Sand	S	2.77	57.71
		Rubble	R	54.33
		Silt	SI	0.61
		Rock	RCK	0.00
Total					100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H2)				Date: 28 August 2000
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by Jeffrey Low & Karenne Tun
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	9.45
		Encrusting	CE	1.17
		Foliose	CF	6.03
		Massive	CM	1.61
		Submassive	CS	0.49
		Mushroom	CMR	0.15
		Millepora	CME	0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	14.58
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	14.58	14.58
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	5.74
		Sponge	SP	2.33
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.62
		Others	OT	2.79
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	6.94	19.35
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00
		Halimeda	HA	0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	12.41
		Turf algae	TA	0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.00	50.88
		Rubble	R	44.75
		Silt	SI	6.13
		Rock	RCK	0.00
Total					100.00

1998

Site name: Pulau Hantu West (HW2)				Date: 02 June 1998(crest) & 13 October 1998(3m) & 23 September 1998(6m/deep)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m	Collected by TMSI

Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	2.39	33.77	0.99	27.52	0.02	15.90	0.04	2.88
		Encrusting	CE	4.10		4.53		6.88		1.53
		Foliose	CF	18.82		10.83		7.30		0.87
		Massive	CM	4.10		5.52		0.62		0.03
		Submassive	CS	2.45		3.77		0.02		0.12
		Mushroom	CMR	1.91		1.87		1.07		0.13
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.16
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.82	29.08	0.00	34.59	0.18	39.96	0.00	52.66
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	28.26	29.08	34.59	34.59	39.78	39.96	52.66	52.66
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	7.77	0.11	5.71	0.00	4.29	0.00	5.76
		Sponge	SP	1.29		1.76		2.01		2.52
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.13		0.24		0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	6.35		3.60		2.28		3.24
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	5.02	14.40	8.54	14.43	1.79	10.09	0.69	7.90
		Coralline algae	CA	0.06		0.21		8.13		7.21
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	9.32		5.68		0.17		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.52	14.98	0.18	17.74	0.52	29.75	5.04	30.80
		Rubble	R	14.37		17.56		29.02		25.10
		Silt	SI	0.09		0.00		0.21		0.66
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H1)				Date: 21 January 1998
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 3m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by TMSI
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	16.61	0.00	12.87
		Encrusting	CE	2.43		1.15
		Foliose	CF	6.29		7.89
		Massive	CM	5.47		1.39
		Submassive	CS	2.08		1.55
		Mushroom	CMR	0.34		0.89
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	5.09	0.09	16.99
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	5.09	5.09	16.90	16.99
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	1.77	0.00	0.26
		Sponge	SP	1.51		0.20
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	0.26		0.06
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	41.97	48.81	6.79	7.31
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00		0.19
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	6.84		0.33
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	1.71	27.72	15.75	62.57
		Rubble	R	24.63		40.74
		Silt	SI	1.38		6.08
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H2)				Date: 21 January 1998(crest) 22 January 1998(3m)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 3m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by TMSI (Karenne Tun & Jeffrey Low)
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-deep	Subtotal-deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	26.55	0.00	23.39
		Encrusting	CE	1.55		4.37
		Foliose	CF	14.21		14.53
		Massive	CM	5.64		1.91
		Submassive	CS	3.99		1.81
		Mushroom	CMR	1.16		0.77
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	8.03	0.10	26.78
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	8.03	8.03	26.68	26.78
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.15	3.68	0.00	0.97
		Sponge	SP	0.73		0.40
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	2.80		0.57
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	30.72	37.03	16.73	16.73
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00		0.00
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	6.31		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.07	24.71	0.12	32.13
		Rubble	R	23.80		31.69
		Silt	SI	0.84		0.32
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00

1997

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H1)				Date: 13 June 1997(6m/deep) & 16 June 1997(3m) & 18 June 1997(Crest)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by TMSI
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	10.20	0.00	12.39	0.00	17.77	0.00	2.55
		Encrusting	CE	0.46		4.13		4.91		1.29
		Foliose	CF	4.69		6.10		6.01		0.39
		Massive	CM	3.83		1.11		4.86		0.00
		Submassive	CS	0.63		0.65		1.89		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	0.59		0.40		0.10		0.86
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	35.54	0.00	24.95	0.00	33.52	0.00	46.64
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	35.54	35.54	24.95	24.95	33.52	33.52	46.64	46.64
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	7.68	0.13	4.72	0.00	11.83	0.00	11.41
		Sponge	SP	2.24		3.13		9.02		6.03
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.15		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	5.29		1.46		2.81		5.38
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	4.35	23.05	11.86	12.33	10.03	11.80	1.60	3.22
		Coralline algae	CA	4.58		0.08		0.31		1.49
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.15		0.21		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	12.86		0.05		0.59		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	1.26		0.19		0.66		0.13
Abiotic		Sand	S	1.49	23.53	3.67	45.61	5.20	25.08	11.67	36.18
		Rubble	R	20.39		41.67		16.93		18.49
		Silt	SI	1.65		0.27		2.95		6.02
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H2)				Date: 18 June 1997(crest) & 27 August 1997 (3m/6m/deep)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by TMSI
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	2.03	41.74	0.00	26.00	0.22	24.92	0.00	5.98
		Encrusting	CE	2.08		0.78		0.56		0.00
		Foliose	CF	16.52		17.77		10.77		2.50
		Massive	CM	7.87		3.83		4.63		0.51
		Submassive	CS	11.53		1.59		2.51		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	1.43		2.04		6.23		2.97
		Millepora	CME	0.28		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	26.86	0.00	28.79	0.22	38.62	0.00	39.72
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	26.86	26.86	28.79	28.79	38.40	38.62	39.72	39.72
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	1.12	8.00	0.00	2.05	0.00	5.51	0.00	2.33
		Sponge	SP	3.31		2.05		3.90		1.17
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.50		0.00		0.00		0.08
		Others	OT	3.08		0.00		1.61		1.08
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	4.33	14.97	4.23	6.57	0.96	4.48	0.84	3.67
		Coralline algae	CA	0.19		0.09		3.52		2.64
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	10.44		2.25		0.00		0.19
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	0.90	8.43	6.90	36.59	6.63	26.49	17.81	48.29
		Rubble	R	5.48		29.58		16.24		22.96
		Silt	SI	2.05		0.11		3.62		7.53
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

Site name: Hantu West (HW1)				Date: 03 December 1997(crest) & 19 December 1997(3m/6m) & 15 December 1997(deep)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by TMSI
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.79	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.79		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	18.99	0.00	18.79	0.00	7.26	0.00	3.74
		Encrusting	CE	1.44		1.77		0.78		0.65
		Foliose	CF	6.95		11.68		4.07		2.61
		Massive	CM	5.23		2.86		0.12		0.16
		Submassive	CS	4.10		1.32		0.75		0.09
		Mushroom	CMR	1.27		1.16		1.54		0.23
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	28.56	0.00	25.78	0.00	33.23	0.00	32.12
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	28.56	28.56	25.78	25.78	33.23	33.23	32.12	32.12
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	5.40	0.18	1.09	0.00	0.90	0.00	1.06
		Sponge	SP	3.10		0.91		0.84		0.95
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.06		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	2.24		0.00		0.06		0.11
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	6.60	17.25	0.02	0.55	0.33	1.41	0.00	0.47
		Coralline algae	CA	0.07		0.18		0.51		0.00
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	10.21		0.00		0.00		0.31
		Turf algae	TA	0.37		0.35		0.57		0.16
Abiotic		Sand	S	5.18	29.01	1.05	53.72	9.44	57.20	21.05	62.61
		Rubble	R	22.36		43.20		33.57		19.43
		Silt	SI	1.47		9.47		14.19		22.13
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

1993

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H1)				Date: 06 July 1993(Crest/6m) & 12 July 1993(3m/10m)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by Reef Ecology Study Team, NUS
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	1.20	1.20	0.28	0.28	0.12	0.12	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.31	8.98	0.00	15.68	0.00	9.07	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	CE	1.66		4.28		2.15		0.00
		Foliose	CF	1.30		8.40		2.98		0.00
		Massive	CM	1.83		2.69		3.66		0.00
		Submassive	CS	2.63		0.00		0.06		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	1.25		0.31		0.22		0.00
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	21.51	0.00	16.88	0.00	20.56	0.00	10.92
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	21.51	21.51	16.88	16.88	20.56	20.56	10.92	10.92
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.00	5.50	0.32	5.21	0.08	3.92	0.25	14.03
		Sponge	SP	3.45		3.37		3.31		11.32
		Zoanthid	ZO	0.55		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	1.50		1.52		0.53		2.46
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	6.22	17.41	2.97	3.24	0.00	0.15	0.00	0.28
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00		0.27		0.15		0.28
		Halimeda	HA	0.11		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	11.08		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Turf algae	TA			0.00		0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	4.34	45.40	6.28	58.71	15.68	66.18	12.70	74.77
		Rubble	R	40.77		52.43		50.50		61.99
		Silt	SI	0.29		0.00		0.00		0.08
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu (H2)				Date: 06 July 1993(Crest/6m) & 13 July 1993(3m/10m)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by Reef Ecology Study Team, NUS
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	41.10	0.09	32.93	0.00	17.32	0.00	2.44
		Encrusting	CE	2.26		3.61		2.39		0.00
		Foliose	CF	13.73		20.41		10.56		0.00
		Massive	CM	15.80		4.00		2.00		0.00
		Submassive	CS	8.75		3.85		0.51		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	0.56		0.97		1.86		2.44
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.06	16.10	0.00	26.65	0.00	21.01	0.00	9.73
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	16.04	16.10	26.65	26.65	21.01	21.01	9.73	9.73
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC	0.14	11.68	0.00	2.05	0.00	2.66	0.00	2.41
		Sponge	SP	6.28		1.23		2.24		2.15
		Zoanthid	ZO	2.36		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Others	OT	2.90		0.82		0.42		0.26
Algae		Algal assemblage	AA	2.98	6.02	0.12	0.26	0.00	0.58	0.00	0.19
		Coralline algae	CA	0.00		0.14		0.58		0.19
		Halimeda	HA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Macroalgae	MA	3.04		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Turf algae	TA	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Abiotic		Sand	S	2.57	25.10	1.71	38.11	3.69	58.43	45.40	85.23
		Rubble	R	22.53		33.08		50.35		39.83
		Silt	SI	0.00		3.32		4.39		0.00
		Rock	RCK	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Total					100.00		100.00		100.00		100.00

Site name: Pulau Hantu West (HW1)				Date: 02 Nov 1993(Crest/6m) & 13 July 1993(3m/10m)
Shallow transect depth: 0m crest				Deep transect depth: 10m

GCRMN Benthic Summary
Replicate: 5 x 20m			Collected by Reef Ecology Study Team, NUS
Benthic Lifeform Categories			Codes	% cover-crest	Subtotal-crest	% cover-3m	Subtotal-3m	% cover-6m	Subtotal-6m	% cover-Deep	Subtotal-Deep
Live coral	Acropora	Branching	ACB	0.39	0.39	0.29	0.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
		Encrusting	ACE	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Submassive	ACS	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Digitate	ACD	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
		Tabulate	ACT	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
	Non-Acr	Branching	CB	0.00	41.22	0.74	24.66	0.00	19.67	0.00	1.17
		Encrusting	CE	2.36		2.95		2.08		0.70
		Foliose	CF	16.84		14.05		10.13		0.19
		Massive	CM	8.83		1.81		3.16		0.00
		Submassive	CS	10.63		2.89		1.04		0.00
		Mushroom	CMR	2.56		2.01		3.25		0.28
		Millepora	CME	0.00		0.21		0.00		0.00
		Heliopora	CHL	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
Dead coral		Dead coral	DC	0.00	20.71	0.00	31.06	0.00	38.47	0.00	7.68
		Dead coral with algae	DCA	20.71	20.71	31.06	31.06	38.47	38.47	7.68	7.68
Other Fauna		Soft coral	SC